Surah 33. Al-Ahzab

O YOU who have attained to faith! Remember God with unceasing remembrance,

  - Mohammad Asad

O believers! Remember Allah as a frequent remembrance,

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

O ye who believe! Remember Allah with much remembrance.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

and extol His limitless glory from morn to evening.⁵²

  - Mohammad Asad

Lit., "at morn and evening", i.e., at all times.

and glorify Him morning and evening.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

And glorify Him early and late.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

He it is who bestows His blessings upon you, with His angels [echoing Him], so that He might take you out of the depths of darkness into the light. And, indeed, a dispenser of grace is He unto the believers.

  - Mohammad Asad

It is He Who sends His blessings on you (believers) and so do His angels, that He may bring you out of darkness into light, for He is Merciful to the believers.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

He it is who blesseth you, and His angels (bless you), that He may bring you forth from darkness unto light; and He is Merciful to the believers.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

On the Day when they meet Him, they will be welcomed with the greeting, "Peace"; and He will have readied for them a most excellent reward.

  - Mohammad Asad

On the Day of their meeting with Him, their greeting shall be: "Salaam (peace)!": and He has prepared for them a generous reward.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

Their salutation on the day when they shall meet Him will be: Peace. And He hath prepared for them a goodly recompense.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

[And as for thee,] O Prophet - behold, We have sent thee as a witness [to the truth], and as a herald of glad tidings and a warner,

  - Mohammad Asad

O Prophet! Surely We have sent you as a witness, as a bearer of good news and as a Warner,

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

O Prophet! Lo! We have sent thee as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

and as one who summons [all men] to God by His leave,⁵³ and as a light-giving beacon.

  - Mohammad Asad

I.e., at His behest (Tabari).

and to call the people towards Allah by His leave and a lamp spreading light (guidance).

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

And as a summoner unto Allah by His permission, and as a lamp that giveth light.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

And [so,] convey to the believers the glad tiding that a great bounty from God awaits them;

  - Mohammad Asad

Give good news to the believers that they shall have great blessings from Allah.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

And announce unto the believers the good tidings that they will have great bounty from Allah.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

and defer not to [the likes and dislikes of] the deniers of the truth and the hypocrites, and disregard their hurtful talk,⁵⁴ and place thy trust in God: for none is as worthy of trust as God.

  - Mohammad Asad

Or: "yet [withal,] abstain from injuring them" (Zamakhshari) - depending on whether adha-hum is taken to mean "the hurt caused by them" or "done to them".

Do not obey the unbelievers and the hypocrites, disregard their annoyances and put your trust in Allah; for Allah is sufficient as a disposer of affairs.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

And incline not to the disbelievers and the hypocrites. Disregard their noxious talk, and put thy trust in Allah. Allah is sufficient as Trustee.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

O YOU who have attained to faith! If you marry believing women and then divorce them ere you have touched them, you have no reason to expect, and to calculate, any waiting-period on their part:⁵⁵ hence, make [at once] provision for them, and release them in a becoming manner.⁵⁶

  - Mohammad Asad

Lit., "you have no waiting-period whatever upon them which you should count" - i.e., "which either of you should take into account as an obligation": cf. the first part of 2:228 , and the corresponding note [215]. Since the question of pregnancy does not arise if the marriage has not been consummated, a waiting-period on the part of the divorced wife would be meaningless and of no benefit either to her or to her former husband.

This injunction, relating to certain marital problems which affect the believers in general, forms an introduction, as it were, to a resumption, in the next verse, of the discourse on the marital laws applying exclusively to the Prophet: thus, it connects with the passage beginning with the words, "O wives of the Prophet! You are not like any of the [other] women" (verse {32}), as weld as with the subsequent reference to his marriage with Zaynab (verses {37} f.).

O believers! If you marry believing women and divorce them before the marriage is consummated, you are not required to observe the Iddat (waiting period) which you should count for them, so give them some present and relieve them gracefully.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

O ye who believe! If ye wed believing women and divorce them before ye have touched them, then there is no period that ye should reckon. But content them and release them handsomely.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

O PROPHET! Behold, We have made lawful to thee thy wives unto whom thou hast paid their dowers,⁵⁷ as well as those whom thy right hand has come to possess from among the captives of war whom God has bestowed upon thee.⁵⁸ And [We have made lawful to thee] the daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and the daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who have migrated with thee [to Yathrib];⁵⁹ and any believing woman who offers herself freely to the Prophet and whom the Prophet might be willing to wed:⁶⁰ [this latter being but] a privilege for thee, and not for other believers- [seeing that] We have already made known what We have enjoined upon them with regard to their wives and those whom their right hands may possess.⁶¹ [And] in order that thou be not burdened with [undue] anxiety - for God is indeed much-forgiving, a dispenser of grace-

  - Mohammad Asad

The term ajr is in this context synonymous with faridah in its specific sense of "dower" (mahr): see surah {2}, note [224].

As pointed out in several places (see, in particular, note [32] on 4:25 ), Islam does not countenance any form of concubinage, and categorically prohibits sexual relations between a man and a woman unless they are lawfully married to one another. In this respect, the only difference between a "free" woman and a slave is that whereas the former must receive a dower from her husband, no such obligation is imposed on a man who marries his rightfully owned slave (lit., "one whom his right hand possesses") - that is, a woman taken captive in a "holy war" (jihad ) waged in defence of the Faith or of liberty (note [167] on 2:190 and note [72] on 8:67 ) - : for, in such a case, the freedom conferred upon the bride by the very act of marriage is considered to be equivalent to a dower.

This was - in addition to his not being allowed to divorce any of his wives (see verse {52} below) - a further restriction imposed on the Prophet in the matter of marriage: whereas all other Muslims are free to marry any of their paternal or maternal cousins, the Prophet was allowed to marry only such from among them as had proved their strong, early attachment to Islam by having accompanied him on his exodus (the hijrah) from Mecca to Medina. In the opinion of Baghawi - an opinion obviously based on the corresponding, ancient Arabian usage - the term "daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts" comprises in this context not only the actual paternal cousins but, in general, all women of the tribe of Quraysh, to which Muhammad's father belonged, while the term "daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts" comprises all women of his mother's tribe, the Banu Zuhrah.

The relevant clause reads, literally, "if she offered herself as a gift (in wahabat nafsaha) to the Prophet". Most of the classical commentators take this to mean "without demanding or expecting a dower (mahr)", which, as far as ordinary Muslims are concerned, is an essential item in a marriage agreement (cf. 4:4 and {24}, and the corresponding notes; also surah {2}, note [224]).

The above parenthetic sentence refers to the previously revealed, general laws relating to marriage (see 2:221 , {4:3-4} and {19-25}, as well as the corresponding notes; also surah {2}, note {224}).

O Prophet! We have made lawful to you the wives to whom you have given their dowers; and those ladies whom your right hands possess (from the prisoners of war) whom Allah has assigned to you; and the daughters of your paternal uncles and aunts, and the daughters of your maternal uncles and aunts, who have migrated with you; and the believing woman who gave herself to the Prophet if the Prophet desires to marry her - this permission is only for you and not for the other believers; We know what restrictions We have imposed on the other believers concerning their wives and those whom their right hands possess. We have granted you this privilege as an exception so that no blame may be attached to you. Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

O Prophet! Lo! We have made lawful unto thee thy wives unto whom thou hast paid their dowries, and those whom thy right hand possesseth of those whom Allah hath given thee as spoils of war, and the daughters of thine uncle on the father's side and the daughters of thine aunts on the father's side, and the daughters of thine uncles on the mother's side emigrated with thee, and a believing woman if she give herself unto the Prophet and the Prophet desire to ask her in marriage, a privilege for thee only, not for the (rest of) believers. We are aware of that which We enjoined upon them concerning their wives and those whom their right hands possess that thou mayst be free from blame, for Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

[know that] thou mayest put off for a time whichever of them thou pleases", and mayest take unto thee whichever thou pleases"; and [that,] if thou seek out any from whom thou hast kept away [for a time], thou wilt incur no sin [thereby]:⁶² this will make it more likely that their eyes are gladdened [whenever they see thee],⁶³ and that they do not grieve [whenever they are overlooked], and that all of them may find contentment in whatever thou hast to give them: for God [alone] knows what is in your hearts - and God is indeed all-knowing, forbearing.⁶⁴

  - Mohammad Asad

Thus, the Prophet was told that he need not observe a strict "rotation" in the conjugal attentions due to his wives, although he himself, impelled by an inborn sense of fairness, always endeavoured to give them a feeling of absolute equality.

I.e., by the inner certainty that whenever he turned to any of them, he did so on impulse, out of genuine affection, and not out of a sense of marital "obligation".

According to a hadith on the authority of A'ishah, recorded in the Musnad of Ibn Hanbal, the Prophet "used to divide his attentions equitably among his wives, and then would pray: 'O God! I am doing whatever is in my power: do not, then, blame me for [failing in] something which is in Thy power [alone], and not in mine!'- thus alluding to his heart, and to loving some [of his wives] more than others."

You may put off any of your wives you please and take to your bed any of them you please, and there is no blame on you if you call back any of them you had temporarily set aside. This is most proper, so that their eyes may be cooled and they may not grieve, and that they will remain satisfied with what you give them. O believers! Allah knows all that is in your hearts; for Allah is All-Knowing, Most Forbearing.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

Thou canst defer whom thou wilt of them and receive unto thee whom thou wilt, and whomsoever thou desirest of those whom thou hast set aside (temporarily), it is no sin for thee (to receive her again); that is better; that they may be comforted and not grieve, and may all be pleased with what thou givest them. Allah knoweth what is in your hearts (O men) and Allah is Forgiving, Clement.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

No [other] women shall henceforth be lawful to thee⁶⁵ - nor art thou [allowed] to supplant [any of] them by other wives,⁶⁶ even though their beauty should please thee greatly-: [none shall be lawful to thee] beyond those whom thou [already] hast come to possess.⁶⁷ And God keeps watch over everything.

  - Mohammad Asad

Some commentators (e.g., Tabari) assume that this restriction relates to the four categories of women enumerated in verse {50} above: it is, however, much more probable that it is a prohibition barring the Prophet from marrying any woman in addition to those to whom he was already married (Baghawi, Zamakhshari). Some of the earliest, most outstanding authorities on the Qur'an, like Ibn 'Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, Qatadah, Ibn Zayd (all of them cited by Ibn Kathir), or Al-Hasan al-Basri (quoted by Tabari in his commentary on verses {28-29}), link this prohibition of further marriages with the choice between the charms of worldly life and the good of the hereafter with which the wives of the Prophet were confronted on the strength of verses {28-29}, and their emphatic option for "God and His Apostle" (cf. note [32] above). All those early authorities describe the revelation of verse {52} - and the assurance which it was meant to convey to the wives of the Prophet - as God's reward, in this world, of their faith and fidelity. Since it is inconceivable that the Prophet could have disregarded the categorical injunction, "No [other] women shall henceforth be lawful to thee", the passage in question cannot have been revealed earlier than the year 7 H., that is, the year in which the conquest of Khaybar and the Prophet's marriage with Safiyyah - his last marriage - took place. Consequently, verses {28-29} (with which, as we have seen, verse {52} is closely connected) must have been revealed at that later period, and not, as some commentators think, in the year 5 H. (i.e., at the time of the Prophet's marriage with Zaynab).

I.e., to divorce any of them with a view to taking another wife in her stead (with the prohibitive accent on the "supplanting" - i.e., divorcing - of any of his wives).

In my opinion, the expression ma malakat yaminuka (lit., "what thy right hand possesses", or "has come to possess") has here the same meaning as in 4:24 , namely, "those whom thou hast come to possess through wedlock" (see surah {4}, note [26]); thus, the above verse is to be understood as limiting the Prophet's marriages to those already contracted.

It shall be unlawful for you, O Muhammad, to marry more women after this or to change your present wives with other women, though their beauty may be pleasing to you, however those ladies whom your right hand possess are an exception. Allah takes cognizance of all things.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

It is not allowed thee to take (other) women henceforth nor that thou shouldst change them for other wives even though their beauty pleased thee, save those whom thy right hand possesseth. And Allah is Watcher over all things.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

0 YOU who have attained to faith! Do not enter the Prophet's dwellings unless you are given leave; [and when invited] to a meal, do not come [so early as] to wait for it to be readied: but whenever you are invited, enter [at the proper time]; and when you have partaken of the meal, disperse without lingering for the sake of mere talk: that, behold, might give offence to the Prophet, and yet he might feel shy of [asking] you [to leave]: but God is not shy of [teaching you] what is right.⁶⁸ And [as for the Prophet's wives,] whenever you ask them for anything that you need, ask them from behind a screen:⁶⁹ this will but deepen the purity of your hearts and theirs. Moreover, it does not behove you to give offence to God's Apostle - just as it would not behove you ever to marry his widows after he has passed away:⁷⁰ that. verily, would be an enormity in the sight of God.

  - Mohammad Asad

Connecting with the reference, in verses {45-48}, to the Prophet's mission, the above passage is meant to stress his unique position among his contemporaries; but as is so often the case with Qur'anic references to historical events and situations, the ethical principle enunciated here is not restricted to a particular time or environment. By exhorting the Prophet's Companions to revere his person, the Qur'an reminds all believers, at all times, of his exalted status (cf. note [85] on 2:104 ); beyond that, it teaches them certain rules of behaviour bearing on the life of the community as such: rules which, however insignificant they may appear at first glance, are of psychological value in a society that is to be governed by a genuine feeling of brotherhood, mutual consideration, and respect for the sanctity of each other's personality and privacy.

The term hijab denotes anything that intervenes between two things, or conceals, shelters or protects the one from the other; it may be rendered, according to the context, as "barrier", "obstacle", "partition", "screen", "curtain", "veil", etc., in both the concrete and abstract connotations of these words. The prohibition to approach the Prophet's wives otherwise than "from behind a screen" or "curtain" may be taken literally - as indeed it was taken by most of the Companions of the Prophet - or metaphorically, indicating the exceptional reverence due to these "mothers of the faithful".

Lit., "to marry his wives after him".

O believers! Do not enter the houses of the Prophet without permission, nor stay waiting for meal time: but if you are invited to a meal, enter, and when you have eaten disperse and do not seek long conversation. Such behavior annoys the Prophet, he feels shy in asking you to leave, but Allah does not feel shy in telling the truth. If you have to ask his wives for anything, speak to them from behind a curtain. This is more chaste for your hearts and for theirs. It is not proper for you to annoy the Rasool of Allah, nor ever to marry his wives after him; this would be a grievous offence in the sight of Allah.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

O ye who believe! Enter not the dwellings of the Prophet for a meal without waiting for the proper time, unless permission be granted you. But if ye are invited, enter, and, when your meal is ended, then disperse. Linger not for conversation. Lo! that would cause annoyance to the Prophet, and he would be shy of (asking) you (to go); but Allah is not shy of the truth. And when ye ask of them (the wives of the Prophet) anything, ask it of them from behind a curtain. That is purer for your hearts and for their hearts. And it is not for you to cause annoyance to the messenger of Allah, nor that ye should ever marry his wives after him. Lo! that in Allah's sight would be an enormity.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

Whether you do anything openly or in secret, [remember that,] verily, God has full knowledge of everything.

  - Mohammad Asad

Whether you reveal anything or conceal it, surely Allah has full knowledge of all things.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

Whether ye divulge a thing or keep it hidden, lo! Allah is ever Knower of all things.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall

[However,] it is no sin for them⁷¹ [to appear freely] before their fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their womenfolk, or such [male slaves] as their right hands may possess. But [always, O wives of the Prophet,⁷² ] remain con-scious of God - for, behold, God is witness unto everything.

  - Mohammad Asad

I.e., the wives of the Prophet (connecting with the injunction, in verse {53} above, that they should be spoken to "from behind a screen").

This interpolation is conditioned by the feminine gender of the subsequent plural imperitive ittaqina.

There is no blame on the ladies if they appear before their fathers, their sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their familiar women and those whom their right hands possess (slaves). O Ladies! Have fear of Allah: for Allah is a witness to all things.

  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik

It is no sin for them (thy wives) (to converse freely) with their fathers, or their sons: or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or the sons of their sisters or of their own women, or their slaves. O women! Keep your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is Witness over all things.

  - Marmaduke Pickthall