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Surah 20. Ta-Ha, Ayah 134

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وَلَوْ أَنَّآ أَهْلَكْنَـٰهُم بِعَذَابٍ مِّن قَبْلِهِۦ لَقَالُوا۟ رَبَّنَا لَوْلَآ أَرْسَلْتَ إِلَيْنَا رَسُولًا فَنَتَّبِعَ ءَايَـٰتِكَ مِن قَبْلِ أَن نَّذِلَّ وَنَخْزَىٰ
Walaw ann a ahlakn a hum biAAa tha bin min qablihi laq a loo rabban a lawl a arsalta ilayn a rasoolan fanattabiAAa a y a tika min qabli an na th illa wanakhz a
For [thus it is:] had We destroyed them by means of a chastisement ere this [divine writ was revealed], they would indeed [be justified to] say [on Judgment Day]: "O our Sustainer! If only Thou hadst sent an apostle unto us, we would have followed Thy messages rather than be humiliated and disgraced [in the hereafter]!"121
  - Mohammad Asad

Cf. 6:131 , 15:4 or {26:208-209}, where it is stressed that God never punishes man for any wrong committed in ignorance of what constitutes right and wrong in the moral sense - i.e., before making it possible for him to avail himself of divine guidance.

Had We destroyed them as punishment before its revelation, they would have said: "Our Rabb! If only You had sent us a Rasool, we would certainly have followed Your revelations before being humiliated and disgraced."
  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik
Had We destroyed them with a torment before this 'Prophet came', they would have surely argued, 'Our Lord! If only You had sent us a messenger, we would have followed Your revelations before being humiliated and put to shame.'
  - Mustafa Khattab
And if We had destroyed them with some punishment before it, they would assuredly have said: Our Lord! If only Thou hadst sent unto us a messenger, so that we might have followed Thy revelations before we were (thus) humbled and disgraced!
  - Marmaduke Pickthall
And if We had inflicted on them a Penalty before this they would have said: "Our Lord! if only Thou hadst sent us an apostle we should certainly have followed Thy Signs before we were humbled and put to shame." 2659
  - Abdullah Yusuf Ali

If the Sign mentioned in the last note did not convince them, it would mean that they were not true to their own faith. They were not straight with themselves. In justice they should have been punished for their falsehood. But they were given further respite. Or they would again have argued in a circle, and said: "If only Allah had sent us a living messenger we should have believed!" The living messenger they flout because they want a Sign. The Sign they wish to ignore, because they want a living messenger!

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