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Surah 50. Qaf, Ayah 18

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مَّا يَلْفِظُ مِن قَوْلٍ إِلَّا لَدَيْهِ رَقِيبٌ عَتِيدٌ Qur’an Qaf (50:18)
M a yalfi th u min qawlin ill a ladayhi raqeebun AAateed un
not even a word can he utter but there is a watcher with him, ever-present.12
  - Mohammad Asad
Mohammad Asad

I.e., his conscience. The "uttering of a word" is conceptually connected with the "whispering" within man's psyche spoken of in the preceding verse.

not a single word does he utter but there is a vigilant guardian ready to note it down.
  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik
Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik
not a word does a person utter without having a 'vigilant' observer ready 'to write it down'.1
  - Mustafa Khattab
Mustafa Khattab

 The angel to the right records the good deeds of each person, while the one to the left records every evil deed. They always accompany the person at all times, except when one uses the toilet or is intimate with their spouse.

He uttereth no word but there is with him an observer ready.
  - Marmaduke Pickthall
Marmaduke Pickthall
Not a word does he utter but there is a sentinel by him ready (to note it). 4954
  - Abdullah Yusuf Ali
Abdullah Yusuf Ali

Then each "word" spoken is taken down by a guardian (raqib). This has been construed to mean that the guardian only records words, not thoughts which are not uttered. Thoughts may be forgiven if not uttered, and still more if they do not issue in action. At the stage at which we clothe a thought in words, we have already done an action. The Recorders mentioned in the last verse make a complete Record, in order to supply motives and springs of action, which will affect the degrees or status in the Hereafter. The three together, individuals or kinds, make the honourable Recorders, Kiraman Katibin, (plural, not dual number) mentioned in lxxii. 11.

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