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Surah 48. Al-Fath, Ayah 25

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48. Al-Fath
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هُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَصَدُّوكُمْ عَنِ ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْحَرَامِ وَٱلْهَدْىَ مَعْكُوفًا أَن يَبْلُغَ مَحِلَّهُۥ ۚ وَلَوْلَا رِجَالٌ مُّؤْمِنُونَ وَنِسَآءٌ مُّؤْمِنَـٰتٌ لَّمْ تَعْلَمُوهُمْ أَن تَطَـُٔوهُمْ فَتُصِيبَكُم مِّنْهُم مَّعَرَّةٌۢ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ ۖ لِّيُدْخِلَ ٱللَّهُ فِى رَحْمَتِهِۦ مَن يَشَآءُ ۚ لَوْ تَزَيَّلُوا۟ لَعَذَّبْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْهُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا
Humu alla th eena kafaroo wa s addookum AAani almasjidi al h ar a mi wa a lhadya maAAkoofan an yablugha ma h illahu walawl a rij a lun muminoona wanis a on mumin a tun lam taAAlamoohum an ta t aoohum fatu s eebakum minhum maAAarratun bighayri AAilmin liyudkhila All a hu fee ra h matihi man yash a o law tazayyaloo laAAa thth abn a alla th eena kafaroo minhum AAa tha ban aleem a n
[It was not for your enemies' sake that He stayed your hands from them:29 for] it was they who were bent on denying the truth, and who debarred you from the Inviolable House of Worship30 and prevented your offering from reaching its destination.31 And had it not been for the believing men and believing women [in Mecca], whom you might have unwittingly trampled underfoot,32 and on whose account you might have become guilty, without knowing it, of a grievous wrong -: [had it not been for this, you would have been allowed to fight your way into the city: but you were forbidden to fight33] so that [in time] God might admit to His grace whomever He wills.34 Had they [who deserve Our mercy and they whom We have condemned] been clearly discernible [to you],35 We would indeed have imposed grievous suffering [at your hands] on such of them as were bent on denying the truth.
  - Mohammad Asad

Thus Zamakhshari, supported by Razi, Ibn Kathir, and other commentators.

I.e., so that the believers might be spared, and that in time many a pagan Meccan might embrace Islam, as actually happened.

Lit., "had they been separated from one another": i.e., the believers and the pagans among the Meccans. In its wider sense, the above implies that man never really knows whether another human being deserves God's grace or condemnation.

I.e., the Ka'bah, which, until the year 7 H., the Muslims were not allowed to approach.

This interpolation is based on Razi's explanation of the connection between this and the preceding verse.

See surah {2}, note [175].

I.e., killed. After the Prophet's and his followers' exodus to Medina, a number of Meccans both men and women - had embraced Islam, but had been prevented by the pagan Quraysh from emigrating (Tabari, Zamakhshari). Their identities were not generally known to the Muslims of Medina.

They are the ones who disbelieved and obstructed you from the Masjid-al-Haram (Sacred Mosque - Ka'bah) and prevented your offerings from reaching their destination. Had there not been believing men and believing women in the city of Makkah, whom you did not know, and their possibility of being trampled under your feet and thus incurred unwitting guilt on their account. Allah would have allowed you to fight, but He held back your hands, so that He may admit to His mercy whom He will. Had the believers stood apart from them, We would certainly have punished the disbelievers among them with painful punishment.
  - Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam Malik
They are the ones who persisted in disbelief and hindered you from the Sacred Mosque, preventing the sacrificial animals from reaching their destination.1 'We would have let you march through Mecca,' had there not been believing men and women, unknown to you. You might have trampled them underfoot, incurring guilt for 'what you did to' them unknowingly. That was so Allah may admit into His mercy whoever He wills.2 Had those 'unknown' believers stood apart, We would have certainly inflicted a painful punishment on the disbelievers.
  - Mustafa Khattab

 The animals that Muslims had brought along to be sacrificed after completing the rituals of the minor pilgrimage (’umrah).

 By doing so, the Meccan Muslims who were unknown to their fellow believers were safe, along with the pagans who later accepted Islam.

These it was who disbelieved and debarred you from the Inviolable Place of Worship, and debarred the offering from reaching its goal. And if it had not been for believing men and believing women, whom ye know not--lest ye should tread them under foot and thus incur guilt for them unknowingly; that Allah might bring into His mercy whom He will--If (the believers and the disbelievers) had been clearly separated We verily had punished those of them who disbelieved with painful punishment.
  - Marmaduke Pickthall
They are the ones who denied revelation and hindered you from the Sacred Mosque and the sacrificial animals detained from reaching their place of sacrifice. Had there not been believing men and believing women whom ye did not know that ye were trampling down and on whose account a crime would have accrued to you without (your) knowledge. (Allah would have allowed you to force your way but He held back your hands) that He may admit to His mercy whom He will. If they had been apart We should certainly have punished the Unbelievers among them with a grievous punishment. 4903 4903 4904 4905 4906
  - Abdullah Yusuf Ali

The Muslims from Madinah had brought the animals for sacrifice with them, and had put on the Ihram or pilgrim's garb (see n. 217 to ii. 197), but they were not only prevented from entering Makkah, but were also prevented from sending the sacrificial animals to the place of sacrifice in Makkah, as they could have done under ii. 196. The sacrifice was therefore actually offered at Hudaibiya.

There were at the time in Makkah believing Muslims, men and women, and the faith of some of them was unknown to their brethren from Madinah. Had a fight taken place in Makkah, even though the Muslims had been successful, they would unwittingly have killed some of these unknown Muslims, and thus would unwittingly have been guilty of shedding Muslim blood. This was prevented by the Treaty.

Allah works according to His wise and holy Will and Plan, and not according to what seems to us, in the excitement of human life, to be the obvious course of things. By preventing a fight He saved many valuable lives, not only of Muslims but also of some who became Muslims afterwards and served Islam. He grants His Mercy on far higher standards than man in his limited horizon can see.

If the party from Madinah could have distinguished Muslims from non-Muslims among the Makkans, they might have been allowed to enter and punish the pagan Quraish for their inordinate vanity and gross breach of the unwritten law of the land. But in the actual circumstances the best solution was the Treaty of Hudaibiya.

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